History

A.S. Roma was founded in the summer of 1927 by Italo Foschi,who initiated the merger of three older Italian Football Championship clubs from the city of Rome; Roman FC, SS Alba-Audace andFortitudo-Pro Roma SGS.The purpose of the merger was to give the Eternal City a strong club to rival that of the more dominant Northern Italian clubs of the time. The only major Roman club to resist the merger was S.S. Lazio because of the intervention of the Fascist Militia General Vaccaro, member of the club and executive of Italian Football Federation. The club played its earliest seasons at theMotovelodromo Appio stadium, before settling in the working-class streets of Testaccio, where it built an all-wooden ground Campo Testaccio; this was opened in November 1929.An early season in which Roma made a large mark was the 1930–31 championship, the club finished as runners-up behind Juventus. Captain Attilio Ferraris along with Guido Masetti, Fulvio Bernardini and Rodolfo Volk were highly important players during this period.

First title victory and decline

After a slump in league form and the departure of high key players, Roma eventually rebuilt their squad adding goalscorers such as the Argentine Enrique Guaita. Under the management of Luigi Barbesino, the Roman club came close to their first title in 1935–36; finishing just one point behind champions Bologna.

Serie A winners in 1941–42.

Roma returned to form after being inconsistent for much of the late 1930s; Roma recorded an unexpected title triumph in the 1941–42 season by winning their first ever scudetto title. The eighteen goals scored by local player Amedeo Amadei were essential to the Alfréd Schaffer coached Roma side winning the title. At the time Italy was involved in World War II and Roma were playing at the Stadio del Partito Nazionale Fascista.

In the years just after the war, Roma were unable to recapture their league stature from the early 1940s. Roma finished in the lower half of Serie A for five seasons in a row, before eventually succumbing to their only ever relegation to Serie B at the end of the 1950–51 season; around a decade after their championship victory. Under future national team manager Giuseppe Viani, promotion straight back up was achieved.

After returning to the Serie A, Roma managed to stabilise themselves as a top half club again with players such as Egisto Pandolfini, Dino Da Costa and Dane Helge Bronée. Their best finish of this period was under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver, when in 1954–55 they finished as runners-up, after Udinese who originally finished second were relegated for corruption. Although Roma were unable to break into the top four during the following decade, they did achieve some measure of cup success. Their first honour outside of Italy was recorded in 1960–61 when Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup by beating Birmingham City 4–2 in the finals. A few years later Roma won their first Coppa Italia trophy in 1963–64, by beating Torino 1–0.

Their lowest point came during the 1964–65 season when manager Juan Carlos Lorenzo announced that the club could not pay its players and was unlikely to be able to afford to travel to Vicenza to fulfil its next fixture. Supporters kept the club going with a fundraiser at the Sistine Theatre and bankruptcy was avoided with the election of a new club president Franco Evangelisti.

Their second Coppa Italia trophy was won in 1968–69 when it was competed in a small league like system. Giacomo Losi set a Roma appearance record during 1969 with 450 appearances in all competitions, the record he set would last for 38 years.

Time of mixed fortunes

Pruzzo with Roma and ascudetto patch.

Roma were able to add another cup to their collection in 1972, with a 3–1 victory over Blackpool in theAnglo-Italian Cup. During much of the 1970s Roma's appearance in the top half of Serie A was sporadic. The best place the club were able to achieve during the decade was third in 1974–75. Notable players who turned out for the club during this period included midfielders Giancarlo De Sisti and Francesco Rocca.

The dawning of a newly successful era in Roma's footballing history was brought in with another Coppa Italia victory, they beat Torino on penalties to win the 1979–80 cup. Roma would reach heights in the league which they had not touched since the 1940s by narrowly and controversially finishing as runners-up to Juventus in 1980–81. Former Milan player Nils Liedholm was the manager at the time, with players such as Bruno Conti, Agostino Di Bartolomei, Roberto Pruzzo and Falcão.

The second scudetto did not elude Roma for much longer; in 1982–83 the Roman club won the title for the first time in 41 years, amidst celebrations in the capital. The following season Roma finished as runners-up in Italy and collected a Coppa Italia title, they also finished as runners-up in the European Cup final of 1984.The European Cup final with Liverpool ended in a 1–1 draw with a goal from Pruzzo, but Roma eventually lost the penalty shoot-out. Roma's successful run in the 1980s would finish with a runners-up spot in 1985–86 and a Coppa Italia victory, beating out Sampdoria 3–2.

After that a comparative decline began in the league, one of the few league highs from the following period being a third place finish in 1987–88.At the start of the 1990s the club was involved in an all-Italian UEFA Cup final, where they lost 2–1 to Internazionale in 1991; the same season the club won its seventh Coppa Italia trophy and ended runners-up to Sampdoria in the Supercoppa Italiana. Aside from finishing runners-up to Torino in a Coppa Italia final, the rest of the decade was largely sub-par in the history of Roma; especially in the league where the highest they could manage was fourth in 1997–98. The early 1990s also saw the emergence of homegrown striker Francesco Totti who would go on to be an important member of the team and the club's iconic captain.

In the new millennium

2000–2010

17 June 2001 – Roma-Parma 3–1: Roma won its third Italian championship in its history. Fans of theCurva Sud are overjoyed

Roma returned to form in the 2000s, starting the decade in great style by winning their third ever Serie A title in 2000–01; the scudetto was won on the last day of the season by beating Parma 3–1, edging out Juventus by two points. The club's captain, Francesco Totti was a large reason for the title victory and he would become one of the main heroes in the club's history, going on to break several club records. Other important players during this period included Aldair, Cafu, Gabriel Batistuta, and Vincenzo Montella.

The club attempted to defend the title in the following season but ended as runners-up to Juventus by just one point. This would be the start of Roma finishing as runners-up many times in both Serie A and Coppa Italia during the 2000s; they lost out 4–2 to AC Milan in the Coppa Italia final of 2003 and lost out to Milan again by finishing second in Serie A for the2003–04 season. The club also re-capitalized several time in 2003–04 season. In November 20003 €37.5 million was injected by "Roma 2000" to cover the half year loss and loss carried from previous year. and again on 30 June for €44.57 million. Through stock market, a further €19.850 million of new shares issued, and at the year end, the share capital was €19.878 million, which unchanged as of 2011. The following season also saw the departure of Walter Samuel for €25 million and Emersonfor €28 million, which decreased the strength of the squad, thus Giallorossi finished as the eighth place, one of the worst of recent season.

Francesco Totti, current captain, with the2007–08 Coppa Italia

A Serie A scandal was revealed during 2006 and Roma were one of the teams not involved; after punishments were handed out, Roma was re-classified as runners-up for 2005–06; the same season in which they finished second in the Coppa Italia losing to Internazionale. In the two following seasons, Roma finished as Serie A runners-up, meaning that in the 2000s Roma have finished in the top two positions more than any other decade in their history Meanwhile in the UEFA Champions League during both of these seasons, they reached the quarter-finals before going out to Manchester United. Despite the sloppy start in UEFA Champions League 2008–09, Roma managed to reach the knockout stage ahead of Chelsea in their group, thus finishing for the first time in their history as winners of the group stage. However, the Giallorossi would lose to Arsenal in the knockout stage on penalty kicks, ending their Champions League campaign.

After a disappointing start to the 2009–10 season, Claudio Ranieri replaced Luciano Spalletti as head coach. At the time of the switch, Roma lay bottom of the Serie A table after losses to Juventus and Genoa. Despite this setback, Roma would later embark on an incredible unbeaten streak of 24 matches in the league – with the last of the 24 being a 2–1 win over rivals Lazio, whereby Roma came from 1–0 down at half-time to defeat their city rivals after Ranieri courageously substituted both Totti and De Rossi at the interval. The Giallorossi were on top of the table at one point, before a loss to U.C. Sampdoria later in the season. Roma would finish runners-up to Inter yet again in both Serie A and the Coppa Italia. This rounded out a highly successful decade in Roma's history, following somewhat mediocre results of the 1990s. During the 2000s, Roma had finally recaptured the Scudetto, two Coppa Italia trophies, and their first two Supercoppa Italiana titles. Other notable contributions to the club's history have included a return to the UEFA Champions League Quarter-finals (in the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 editions) since 1984, six runners up positions in the league, four Coppa Italia finals and three Supercoppa finals – marking Roma's greatest ever decade.

End of the Sensi era

In the summer of 2010, the Sensi family agreed to relinquish their control of AS Roma as part of a debt-settlement agreement. This brought an end to the presidential reign of the Sensi family who had presided over the club since 1993. Until a new owner was appointed, Rosella Sensi would continue her directorial role of the club. The 2010-11 season had once again seen Roma start off with mixed fortunes on both a domestic and European level. These included losses against teams like Cagliari, Brescia and a 2-0 defeat against Bayern Munich in the group stages of the Champions League (a match which saw manager Claudio Ranieri openly criticised by his own players). However, these were accompanied by victories against Inter Milan and a sensational victory against Bayern Munich in the return fixture, which saw Roma fight back from 0-2 down at half-time to emerge as 3-2 winners. Following a series of poor results which saw Roma engage in a winless-streak of five consecutive matches, Claudio Ranieri resigned as head coach in February 2011, and former striker Vincenzo Montella was appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season. It was also during this season that Roma icon, Francesco Totti, scored his 200th Serie A goal against Fiorentina in March of 2011 - becoming only the sixth ever player to achieve such a feat.

On 16 April 2011, the takeover contract was signed. Leads by Thomas R. DiBenedetto, through "DiBenedetto AS Roma LLC" (along with James Pallotta, Michael Ruane and Richard D'Amore), would acquired 67.1% shares (or 88,918,686 shares) of A.S. Roma Spa (the club itself, valued €60.3 million), entire ownership of "ASR Real Estate S.r.l." and "Brand Management S.r.l." from Sensi's "Roma 2000 S.r.l." (a subsidiary of Italpetroli) for a total of €70.3 million. The new holding company, "NEEP Roma Holding S.p.A.", was a joint venture of "DiBenedetto AS Roma LLC" and Unicredit S.p.A., in a 60-40 ratio. The transaction date was scheduled on 31 July 2011, but delayed to 18 August.

The new ownership immediately went into effect by making significant changes in the club, hiring Walter Sabatini as director of football and former Spanish international and FC Barcelona B coach Luis Enrique as manager; the first high-profile signings from the duo were attacking midfielder Erik Lamela from River Plate, forward Bojan Krkić from Barcelona, goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg from AFC Ajax and unattached defender Gabriel Heinze. The club also sold and released high earner, namely defender John Arne Riise, keeper Doni, forwardJérémy Ménez and Mirko Vučinić.

However, Roma was eliminated from 2011–12 UEFA Europa League play-off round. After the formal takeover on 18 August, Roma bought forward Pablo Daniel Osvaldo, midfielder Miralem Pjanić, Fernando Gago and defender Simon Kjær, as well as youngster Fabio Borini, made the club costed more than 40 million if the loan deal were successfully turned to definitive deal.

In ownership, the "NEEP Roma Holding S.p.A." also started a total takeover, which the company would purchase the shares from the minority shareholder and public market (43,604,610 shares or 32.903%), for €0.6781 per shares, below the half-year and 3-months average price, but the same price as takeover price in April.

Presidential history

Roma have had numerous presidents over the course of their history, some of which have been the owners of the club, others have been honorary presidents. Franco Sensi was the chairman until his death in 2008, with his daughter Rosella Sensi in place as honorary president. Here is a complete list of Roma presidents from 1927 until the present day.

Name Years Italo Foschi 1927–28 Renato Sacerdoti 1928–34 Vittorio Scialoja 1934–36 Igino Bettini 1936–41 Edgardo Bazzini 1941–43 Pietro Baldassarre 1943–49 Pier Carlo Restagno 1949–52 Romolo Vaselli 1952 Pier Carlo Restagno Renato Sacerdoti 1952–53 Renato Sacerdoti 1953–58 Anacleto Gianni 1958–62 Francesco Marini-Dettina 1962–65

Name Years Franco Evangelisti 1965–68 Francesco Ranucci 1968–69 Alvaro Marchini 1969–71 Gaetano Anzalone 1971–79 Dino Viola 1979–91 Flora Viola 1991 Giuseppe Ciarrapico 1991–93 Ciro Di Martino 1993 Franco Sensi 1993–08 Rosella Sensi 2008–2011 Roberto Cappelli (caretaker) 2011 Thomas R. DiBenedetto  Sept. 2011-

Managerial history

Main article: List of A.S. Roma managers

Roma have had many managers and trainers running the team during their history, here is a chronological list of them from 1927 onwards.

Name Nationality Years William Garbutt 1927–29 Guido Baccani 1929–30 Herbert Burgess 1930–32 Lászlo Barr 1932–33 Lajos Kovács 1933–34 Luigi Barbesino 1934–38 Guido Ara 1938–39 Alfréd Schaffer 1939–42 Géza Kertész 1942–43 Guido Masetti 1943–45 Giovanni Degni 1945–47 Imre Senkey 1947–48 Luigi Brunella 1948–49 Fulvio Bernardini 1949–50 Adolfo Baloncieri 1950 Pietro Serantoni 1950 Guido Masetti 1950–51 Giuseppe Viani 1951–53 Mario Varglien 1953–54 Jesse Carver 1954–56 György Sarosi 1956 Guido Masetti 1956–57 Alec Stock 1957–58 Gunnar Nordahl 1958–59 György Sarosi 1959–60 Alfredo Foni 1960–61 Luis Carniglia 1961–63 Naim Kryeziu 1963 Alfredo Foni 1963–64 Luis Miró 1964–65 Juan Carlos Lorenzo 1965–66

Name Nationality Years Oronzo Pugliese 1966–68 Helenio Herrera 1968–70 Luciano Tessari 1970 Helenio Herrera 1971–72 Tonino Trebiciani 1972–73 Nils Liedholm 1974–77 Gustavo Giagnoni 1978–79 Ferruccio Valcareggi 1979–80 Nils Liedholm 1980–84 Sven-Göran Eriksson 1984–86 Angelo Sormani 1986–88 Nils Liedholm 1988 Luciano Spinosi 1988–89 Gigi Radice 1989–90 Ottavio Bianchi 1990–92 Vujadin Boškov 1992–93 Carlo Mazzone 1993–96 Carlos Bianchi 1996 Nils Liedholm 1996 Ezio Sella 1996 Zdeněk Zeman 1997–99 Fabio Capello 1999–04 Cesare Prandelli 2004 Rudi Völler 2004 Luigi Delneri 2004–05 Bruno Conti 2005 Luciano Spalletti 2005–09 Claudio Ranieri 2009–2011 Vincenzo Montella (caretaker) 2011 Luis Enrique 2011–

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